Although during the Obon see "paper lanterns [...] towards the ocean" I think the baskets represented in the lantern have to do with a different tradition.
legal science has been imposed through different devices, including criminal law, secular sword of our modern Leviathan, a "dogma" outside the historical and structural circumstances of indigenous peoples.
In America, indigenous peoples, existing for the different processes of formation of national states have long been victims of the major human rights abuses, from genocide to political exclusion and social and economic discrimination.
E n this sense, the neglect of the criminal status of indigenous "leads to imposition of discriminatory and arbitrary and drastic particular behavior patterns to ethnic, culturally diverse, possessing behavioral patterns and a variety of axiological supported by the legislature and the law that mattered ". [1]
Thus, we propose to give a brief overview of the importance of respecting the guarantee of ne bis in idem in cases which has been applied to the right of an indigenous community determind.
is in response to the situation mentioned above
The issue at hand, the Convention 169 incorporates three essential items, articles 8, 9 and 10 [2] that " according to the most widespread interpretations, grants indigenous peoples the right to administer justice according to their own guidelines to Once it attaches to the States the obligation to respect its own decisions (in any subject), generating a joint on justice that discussion remains stone within States. It also expressly states that preference should be given the types of punishment other than imprisonment (10.2). " [3]
Cobra particular relevance in this review then, the problematic product of "double jeopardy" in cases that despite existing resolutions of indigenous leaders in conflicts arising between Indians in the community, again subjected to criminal proceedings to the same people, for the same acts, this may not be necessary on the grounds that the conflict has been resolved within it.
Thus, this guarantee means avoiding double jeopardy, it is extremely important, because it can overcome the legal uncertainty that leads to the fact of not knowing whether the conflict will end permanently or, in any case remains "open" to other decision-making body, understood in many cases as unnecessary and others just as overwhelming rights and cultural identity of peoples.
To exemplify how this procedural institution developed in a first step towards other purposes or other cases, it is adapted in order to provide new solutions to situations that would not have been contemplated previously, we consider pertinent to add a brief comment regarding the interpretation has made the District Court Criminal, Drug Trafficking and Environmental Crimes Totonicapán Department of Guatemala about the warranty.
E.312.2003 Of Record. 6th., Judgement of June 25, 2003 [4]
Summary of facts: It is a criminal investigation for aggravated robbery, involving three members of an indigenous community.
The judge orders the dismissal of the three defendants, having been shown that the crime was tried by the authorities of the indigenous community, which has imposed a penalty on those responsible. The judge stated that recognition of the legal validity of the penalty imposed by the community is apparent inability to implement new criminal penalties on those responsible, it would mean violating the principle of ne bis in idem.
Law applied: Constitution of Guatemala, Articles 46, 58 and 66, Convention No.. ILO 169,
relevant considerations of the Court: transcribe a few paragraphs below we understand very interesting to note:
"... An analysis of Articles 46, 58 and 66 of the Constitution
By analyzing these articles should be clear obligation acquired by the State to recognize the rights and the existence of "peoples" or indigenous communities in its legal structure. All articles are going further to establish that the state promotes such forms of life and social organization as well as custom suit and language.
(...) When analyzing the document dated June Twenty two thousand three, signed by the Community authorities Chiyax of this county and department, it is concluded through the penalty described her , which does not contravene international law provisions on Human Rights or the Constitution
Based on these ends and the findings of fact and law previously enunciated which when analyzed together with the principles of non-intervention or minimal intervention from the Criminal Law, which states in essence that it must intervene in Ultima Ratio, ie, when all other legal avenues had failed, which is not true in this case because there was a legal and effective application of indigenous law in the resolution of this conflict, and when concatenated with the principle of non bis in idem principle, which essentially provides that a person can not be tried (twice) for the same act, and that also implemented an endorsement or contained in the Criminal Code would be contrary to the guiding principle, and unable to issue a final decision either conviction or acquittal in his case, it is relevant to this impossibility of judging and being an objective causal origin of the penal dismissal from results reported in these proceedings for lack of legitimacy in the exercise of criminal action by the public Tax Entity monopoly absence of action, since it was taken over entirely by the Community authorities Chiyax community and its Indigenous rights application (...)".
is clear from the above that s and is a case of recognizing the legal validity of a sanction imposed by the Community authorities the case of a crime, and consequent dismissal of criminal proceedings, by application of the principle ne bis in idem and in accordance with the other constitutional guarantees in the case cited.
Finally, we express our regret having to discuss a resolution of a Guatemalan court after failing to find a similar resolution in our country. hope that this is solely due to not having the means to do so in the short term, hoping to find as discussed above, we promise more investigation.
Romano Antonella Arias
Daniela Romina Dibilio
[1] "Abolitionism AND THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES. " Sánchez Romero, Houed Vega, Chirino Sánchez .- Teachers
[2]
Article 8 1 . When implementing national legislation to the peoples concerned shall take due account of their customs or customary laws.
2. These peoples shall have the right to retain their own customs and institutions, provided that these are not incompatible with fundamental rights defined by the legal system with national or internationally recognized human rights. Whenever necessary, procedures should be established to resolve conflicts that may arise in the application of this principle.
3. The application of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not prevent members of these peoples from exercising the rights granted to all citizens and from assuming the corresponding duties.
Article 9 1. To the extent that it is compatible with the national legal system and internationally recognized human rights, methods shall be respected by the peoples concerned for the punishment of crimes committed by their members.
2. The authorities and courts to rule on criminal matters should take into account the customs of indigenous peoples in the area.
Article 10 1. In imposing penalties laid down by general law on members of these peoples should take into account their economic, social and cultural rights.
2. Must preference given to methods of punishment other than imprisonment.
[3] RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE REFORM -Cases of Chile and Guatemala-
[4] The application of Convention No. 169 by international and national courts in Latin America-A Compilation case. ( PROGRAM TO PROMOTE THE CONVENTION NO. 169 OF THE ILO
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While the intention was to summarize the case Kang, mail sent to yahoo, if someone likes to read, the Court ruling and the "Second Appeal."
M. Daniel Biau
THEORY
The principle of ne bis in idem is a constitutional guarantee of legal certainty, for the defendant established to prevent double jeopardy.
is enshrined in our law in unlisted securities but stems from the people's sovereignty and the republican form of government (Art. 33, CN), emanating from the defense or right of equality before the law. At the international level is embodied in Article 8.4 explicitly ACHR and ICCPR Article 14.7, both with constitutional status (Art. 75, paragraph 22, CN).
From a wide stance formulation of the principle states: "no one can be criminally prosecuted more than once for the same offense."
Thus the use of the term "criminal prosecution" absolutely prevents any possibility of review against the accused and the prosecution to reopen an already exhausted and prosecution simultaneously, providing extensive protection to the accused, without distinction of the state in which the process is.
To establish whether there is an affectation of the guarantee is necessary to determine the identity of person, object and cause. Referring to the objective identity , ie to determine whether we face the very fact we should look at it as real event (not a fact has to be verified, but attached only to exist, that is, hypothetically asserted as real), which happens in one place at one time or certain period without the possibility of subsumption in different legal concepts affecting the rule, allowing new prosecution, under a different assessment of the above.
Made the above clarifications, as a next step we will analyze the movie "Double Jeopardy ."
is possible that many of you have seen it, since it is a film that is 11 years old. Anyway basically tell what it is without advancing the end in case anyone wants to see.
The main character, Libby, is accused of killing her husband, being found guilty by a jury and convicted for it.
already in the criminal discovers that her husband was actually alive. After
discuss this with some colleagues, receives from the internal one of the following "advice":
That information then passes it her husband, Nick, the day they finally get to find:
already noted, even the name of the movie, you can analyze the facts relating to the security of ne bis in idem .
Without pretending to have what happens in the film, we analyze whether Libby case actually kill her husband would be effectively covered by the ban multiple criminal prosecution, as they understand their partner's criminal probation officer.
To our knowledge, not have violation of ne bis in idem if Libby is being prosecuted for the second (in indeed, only) done. This because we believe that these are two very different events (ie, no objective identity), beyond which the victim is the same and the offense for which they are charged (murder) as well. A first event, that really did not happen and for which she was wrongfully convicted and the other occurred six years later, that would clearly be a different historical event.
Anyway, we the following question arises: Since it is logically impossible that a person may be a victim of homicide than once (as may occur with other crimes, eg. Injury, theft, fraud, etc.) Would it be fair that Libby go to jail for killing her husband, when he was deprived of his liberty for doing so supposedly before ?, Ie, probably many of you, just like us, find it unfair that the State pay this woman again, after noticing the injustice of the first closure.
So what is the solution?, "To compensate women for the years of unjust imprisonment that has endured and enclose it again, or does just that solution would be proposing Bovine remand if they were not convicted ie give them a "voucher" by which they can commit a crime punishable corresponds to the time for which they were deprived of freedom?. In this case, would it be fair to give the woman a "voucher" to effectively kill your husband without going to jail this time?.
COURT:
is issued the following applies for Libby to commit the murder of her husband Nick.
Paraboni, Carolina Cardoso.
This movie is a girl of color 10 years Tonya, who is brutally attacked and raped by two white men in Mississippi town of Clanton. Prior to the trial, Tonia's father, Carl Lee, the assassin. Jake Brigance, a young lawyer, takes Carl Lee's defense to avoid being executed in the electric chair.
(...) Jake spent the next few weeks preparing for trial. Had an important job: to find the best judge to judge Carl Lee.
Together with its partners, Jake studied the list of names trying to decide which were best suited to choose from. Knew Buckley, the prosecutor would seek to empanel a jury, composed exclusively of white people find a car read guilty.
(...) The jury selection process was an arduous and complicated. One hundred and fourteen people were called to meet its citizens work. The first twenty were rejected it have partial burning crosses burning in their gardens. That still left 94 jurors.
Each lawyer had right to interview each prospective juror. Buckley began with a list of 100 questions. (...) Jake had a difficult task after interrogation three hours of the Prosecutor. His first question showed that he wanted to simplify things: "Ladies and gentlemen, some of you believe that Insania defense should not be used in a murder trial?"
potential jurors looked at each other, some seem confused. Jake looked at carefully, he knew that many of them looked shocked, but I also knew that at this time each prospective juror if his client was thought might be insane. He had already planted the seeds of insanity. And decided to terminate the interrogation.
(...) Now that the list of potential jurors had been agreed, the next stage of selection could begin. The judge and the lawyers left the room and went to the judge's office. Noose, the judge looked at the lawyers and said:
"Gentlemen, are you ready?. Well. As this is a case of homicide each of you has the right to reject 12 potential members offered by the other party "(...)
(...) When the final jury was chosen, and the Noose lawyers returned to their places. Your honor named aloud the names of the 12 jurors and they were slowly toward the jury box . Ten women, two men, all white. People of color in the courtroom looked at each other puzzled.
"Tell me: is this the jury that you chose?" I asked Jake ... Carl Lee
Romina Andrea Escolá